If you or a loved one is facing kidney disease, understanding dialysis is crucial. Dialysis is a life-saving treatment that takes over some of the functions of your kidneys when they can no longer do their job effectively. This guide explains dialysis in simple terms, covering what it is, how it works, and the types available.
What Is Dialysis?
Dialysis is a medical treatment that filters waste, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood—functions typically performed by healthy kidneys. It’s used when kidney function drops below 15%, a condition known as end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).
While dialysis doesn’t cure kidney disease, it helps maintain health and quality of life until a kidney transplant is possible or if transplant isn’t an option.
How Does Dialysis Work?
Dialysis mimics the natural filtration process of healthy kidneys. It removes waste products, excess fluids, and helps balance electrolytes like sodium and potassium in the blood.
Types of Dialysis
1. Hemodialysis (HD)
Hemodialysis is the most common form of dialysis. In this procedure, your blood is drawn out of your body, filtered through a machine called a dialyzer (artificial kidney), and then returned to your body.
How it’s done: A needle or a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel, often in the arm or neck (respectively), to allow blood to flow into the dialyzer and then back into your body.
Where it’s done: Typically performed in a hospital or dialysis center.
Frequency: Usually three times a week, with each session lasting about four hours.
Preparation: A minor surgery is needed to create a vascular access site, such as an arteriovenous (AV) fistula, which allows easy access to your bloodstream.
2. Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)
Peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of your abdomen, called the peritoneum, as a natural filter. A sterile solution flows into your abdominal cavity, absorbs waste and excess fluids, and then is drained away.
How it’s done: A catheter is surgically placed into your abdomen.
Where it’s done: Can be performed at home, offering more flexibility.
Frequency: Performed daily, with exchanges (filling and draining of the abdominal cavity) typically occurring four times a day.
Types:
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD): Manual exchanges done throughout the day.
Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD): Uses a machine (cycler) to perform exchanges, often overnight.
Choosing the Right Type for You
The choice between haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis depends on various factors, including your health status, lifestyle, and personal preferences. It’s important to discuss with your healthcare provider to determine the best option for your situation.
What to Expect During Dialysis
During a hemodialysis session, you’ll be seated or lying down while the dialysis machine filters your blood. Most people experience minimal discomfort, though some may feel tired or have muscle cramps during or after treatment.
For peritoneal dialysis, you’ll be responsible for performing the exchanges yourself, although a caregiver can assist. Training is provided to ensure you can perform the procedure safely and effectively.
Tips for Coping with Dialysis
Stay informed: Learn as much as you can about your treatment options.
Maintain a healthy diet: Follow dietary recommendations to support your treatment.
Monitor your health: Keep track of your symptoms and communicate any changes to your healthcare team.
Seek support: Join support groups or connect with others undergoing dialysis to share experiences and advice.
Final Thoughts
Dialysis is a vital treatment that helps manage kidney failure. Understanding how it works and the options available empowers you to make informed decisions about your health care. Always consult with your healthcare provider to choose the treatment plan that’s best for you.
If you have further questions or need more detailed information, feel free to ask.
Dr. Neha Agrawal
Nephrologist and transplant